There are key biological mechanisms underlying emotion and behavior. These are the processes that get youth into treatment, that wreak havoc in facilities around the world, and can return youth safely and successfully to their community; because these are the processes that generate mainstream emotions and behaviors in the community.

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

Homeostasis

Carvalho, G. B., & Damasio, A. (2021). Interoception and the origin of feelings: A new synthesis. BioEssays, 43(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000261

Craig, A. D. (2003). Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13(4), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4

Fotopoulou, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2017). Mentalizing homeostasis: The social origins of interoceptive inference. Neuropsychoanalysis, 19(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2017.1294031

Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., Meuret, A. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Oppenheimer, S., Petzschner, F. H., Pollatos, O., Rhudy, J. L., Schramm, L. P., Simmons, W. K., Stein, M. B., … Zucker, N. (2018). Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BPSC.2017.12.004

Tsakiris, M., & Critchley, H. (2016). Interoception beyond homeostasis: Affect, cognition and mental health. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (Vol. 371, Issue 1708). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0002

Adaptation

Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39

Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887

Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., Jacobs, W. J., James, J., Volk, A. A., & Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026220

Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013). Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413484324

Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The Strengths of People in Poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154

Frankenhuis, W. E., Young, E. S., & Ellis, B. J. (2020). The Hidden Talents Approach: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(7), 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.007

Simpson, J. a., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I.-C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027293

Young, E. S., Frankenhuis, W. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2022). Hidden talents in context: Cognitive performance with abstract versus ecological stimuli among adversity‐exposed youth. Child Development, 93(5), 1493-1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13766

Neurocircuitry

Boyce, W. T., Levitt, P., Martinez, F. D., McEwen, B. S., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2021). Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience. Pediatrics, 147(2), e20201651. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1651

Braun, K., & Bock, J. (2011). The experience-dependent maturation of prefronto-limbic circuits and the origin of developmental psychopathology: implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of behavioural disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(SUPPL.4), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04056.x

Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Suppl 3, 15647–15654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014269108

Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

McEwen, B. S. (1999). Stress and Hippocampal Plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105

McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. (2020). Revisiting the stress concept: Implications for affective disorders. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0733-19.2019

Montague, P. R., Eagleman, D. M., McClure, S. M., & Berns, G. S. (2006). Reinforcement Learning: A Biological Perspective. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Issue 1, pp. 908–913). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00373

Dopamine

Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

Platt, M. L., & Pearson, J. M. (2016). Dopamine: Context and counterfactuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522315113

Schultz, W. (2016a). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz

Schultz, W. (2016b). Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.26

Shared bodystate

Barsade, S. G. (2002). The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094912

Bonini, L., Rotunno, C., Arcuri, E., & Gallese, V. (2022). Mirror neurons 30 years later: implications and applications. In Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 767–781). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.003

Christov-Moore, L., & Iacoboni, M. (2016). Self-other resonance, its control and prosocial inclinations: Brain-behavior relationships. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1544–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23119

Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

Eres, R., Decety, J., Louis, W. R., & Molenberghs, P. (2015). Individual differences in local gray matter density are associated with differences in affective and cognitive empathy. NeuroImage, 117, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.038

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953

Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. Picador.

Iacoboni, M., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2007). Mirror neuron system: basic findings and clinical applications. Annals of Neurology, 62(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21198

Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the Intentions of Others with One’s Own Mirror Neuron System. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079

Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80(May), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013

Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The Mirror-Neuron System. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230

Rudolph, K. D., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., Davis, M. M., & Sze, W. Y. (2022). Biological Embedding of Peer Experiences: The Contribution of Peer Adversity to Stress Regulation. In P. A. van Lier & K. Deater-Deckard (Eds.), Biosocial Interplay During Elementary School (pp. 111–151). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07109-6_6

Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula. Neuron, 40(3), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2

Podcasts and interviews

Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

Dopamine and Decision Making with Wolfram Schultz

Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

Mirror Neurons and Human Connection with Marco Iacoboni

Contagious Emotions, Moods, and Behaviors with Sigal Barsade

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Keys - Silas Köhler, Unsplash

Pupils dilating – PepN Stock Footage, Storyblocks

Heart beating – M.G.F.Studio, Storyblocks

Person Breathing – mcsingleton, Storyblocks

Swimming person – KONSTANIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks

Neurons firing – istock.com/nmlfd

Truck 4-wheel drive – iStock.com/sshepard

Anatomy person- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.